Lesson VIII: كَانَ وأخواتها Kana Wa Akhwa-to-ha (Kana and its sisters)

They are 13 verbs:

 (كان، أصبح، أمسى، أضحى، بات، صار، ظل، ليس، مازال، ما بَرِحَ، ما فتئ، ما انْفَكَّ، مادام)

All of them are in the past.

These verbs are divided into two groups:

First Group: which is incomplete, and it is three:

 ليس، زال، فتئ

Examples:

"لَيْسَ عَلَيْكَ هُدَاهُم"

"وَلاَ يَزَالُونَ مُخْتَلِفِينَ"

"تَاللهِ تَفْتَأُ تَذْكُرُ يُوسُفَ"

The Second Group: Which could come incomplete and also could be complete, and they are the 9 remained.

The Incomplete is the verb which is not enough to have mar-fou3, but also it has a noun ended with Dumma اسم مرفوع and a news ended with Fatha خبر منصوب. And the Perfect/ complete is the one which is sufficient to have مرفوع So it has a subject with Dumma فاعل مرفوع where the sentence is complete and not in need for anything else.

Examples of such Perfect / Completed verbs:

(1)        "وَإنْ كَانَ ذُو عُسْرَةٍ فَنَظْرَةٌ إِلَىَ مَيْسَرَةٍ"

(2)        "فَسُبْحَانَ اللهِ حِينَ تُمْسُونَ وَحِينَ تُصْبِحُونَ"

(3)        "ألاَ إلىَ اللهِ تَصِيرُ الأمُورُ"

(4)        "وإذْ قالَ مُوسَى لِفَتَاهُ لا أبْرَحُ"

(5)        "مَا دَامَتْ السَّمَواتُ والأرْضُ"

(6)        أضْحَى الجيشُ

(7)        ظَلَّ اليومُ = دَامَ ظِلُّهُ

(8)        اِنْفَكَّ القَيْدُ

(9)        بَاتَ الْقَوْمُ = نَزَلَ بِهِمُ المَبِيتُ ودَخَلَ عَلَيْهمُ الليلُ

To be continued ß

همزتا القطع والوصل Hamzata Al-qat3e Wal-wassl

ثانيًا: ألف الوصل : وترسم ألفًا غير مهموزة	ا	(b) Alef Alwassl: is drawn as Alef without Hamza
مواضعها		Its places
(1) الأسماء التسعة، وهي:	ابن، ابنة، امرؤ، امرأة، اثنان، اثنتان، اسم، ايم الله، ايمن الله	(1) The nine nouns:
(2) أول الفعل الأمر الثلاثي:	اسمعْ، اكتبْ، افهمْ، ادفعْ	(2) At the beginning of the imperative verb (of three root-letters)
(3) أول الماضي الخماسي، وأمره، ومصدره:	احترمَ، احترمْ ، احترامٌ و (انطلقَ  ،  انطلِقْ   ، انطلاقٌ )	(3) At the beginning of the past form of the verb Al-khomasy (of 5 root-letters)
(4) أول الماضي السدادسي، وأمره ومصدره	استخدمَ  ،  استخدِمْ   ، استخدامٌ استسلمَ   ، استسْلِمْ    ، استسلامٌ	(4) At the beginning of the Past form of the verb Al-sodassy (of 6 root-letters)
(5) حرف التعريف (ال)	المعلم ، الطالب ، الناجح	(5) The definite Article

THE NAMES OF HUMAN BODY PARTS

Note:  abbreviations :

S = Singular       M = Masculine       F = Feminine  P = Plural (three or more)    Mo = Mothana (two)

يدٌ yaddon = a hand.     يدانٌ / يَدَيْنٌ Yadanon / Yadayn (Mo) = two hands   
أيدٍي  /أيادي aydden / ayaden (P)

رِجْلٌ rejlon = a Leg.           رِجْلانٌ / رِجْلين rejlanon / rejlayn (Mo) 
 أرْجُلٌ arjolon (P)

وَجْهٌ =A Face                       وَجْهانٌ / وَجْهَين wajhanon / wajhayn  (Mo)
أوْجُهٌ / وُجُوهٌ awojohon / wujohon (P)

أنْفٌ anfon = a nose                     أنْفانٌ / أنْفَين anfanon / anfayn (Mo)
أنُوفٌ unofon (P)

عينٌ eyenon =an Eye             عينانٌ / عينَين eyenanon / eyenayn = (Mo)
عيونٌ / أعينٌ O'younon / A'yon = (P)

رأسٌ ra'ason =A Head           رأسانٌ / رأسين ra'asanon / ra'asayn = (Mo)
رؤوسٌ roo'aoson = (P)

أذنٌ ozonon = an Ear           أذُنانٌ / أذُنين ozonanon / ozonayn = (Mo)
آذَانٌ azanon = (P)

لِسانٌ lesanon = a Tongue    لِسانانٌ / لِسانَين lesananon / lesanyn = (Mo)
ألسِنةٌ alsenaton = (P)

شَفَةٌ shafatonn = a Lip         شَفَتانٌ / شَفَتَيْنٌ shafatanon/ shafatayn= (Mo)
شِفاةٌ / شَفَهَاتٌ shefaton / shafahaton = (P).

APPLYING SUBJECT and POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Note:  abbreviations :

S = Singular       M = Masculine       F = Feminine  P = Plural (three or more)    Mo = Mothana (two)

أنا مُهندِسٌ جَديدٌ  ana mohandeson Jadeedon =   I am a new Engineer = (S M)

أنتَ مُهندِسٌ جَديدٌ Anta Mohandeson Jadedon = You Are a New Engineer = (S M)

أنتِ مُهندِسَةٌ جَديدَةٌ anti mohandesaton jadeedaton = You are a New Enginer= (S F)

أنتُما مهندسانٌ جَديدانٌ Antoma Mohandesanon Jadeedanon = You are two of new Engineers = (Mo M)

أنتُما مُهندِسَتَانٌ جَديدتانٌ antoma mohandesatanon jadeedatanon  =You are two of new Engineers = (Mo F)

أنتُم مُهندسونَ جَديدُونَ antom mohandesoon jadeedoona = You Are New Engineers = (P M)

أنتُنَّ مهندِساتٌ جَديداتٌ antonna mohandesaton jadeedaton =You Are New Engineers= (P F)

نَحنُ مهندِسونَ جَديدونَ Nahno mohandesoon jadeedona =We are New Engineers= (P M)

نَحنُ مُهندساتٌ جَديداتٌ nahno mohandesaton jadeedaton = We are New Engineer = (P F)

هم مهندِسونَ جَديدونَ Hom Mohandesoona Jadeedona =They are New Engineers= (P M)

هنَّ مُهندِسَاتٌ جَديدَاتٌ Honna Mohandesaton Jadedaton =They are New Engineers = (P F)

هما مهندِسانٌ جَديدانٌ Homa Mohandesanon Jadeedanon =They are two of new Engineers = (Mo M)

هما مهندِستانٌ جَديدتانٌ Homa Mohandesatanon Jadeedatanon =They are two of New Engineers = (Mo F)

LESSON 2 Adjectives اِسْمُ الصّفَةِ

In English we say: 'a  good  boy'; an Arab would  say: 'a boy  good'  In Arabic, qualified noun  comes first and the adjective  comes  next, e.g:   وَلَدٌ حَسَنٌ  a  good  boy,  رَجُلٌ جَمِيْلٌ a  handsome  man, بَيْتٌ كَبِيْرٌ a  big  house.

 

  An  adjective  agrees  with esm  اِسْمٌ  it  qualifies  in  definiteness.  If esm  اِسْمٌ  qualified  be nakera نَكِرَةٌ then  the  adjective  must  also  be  نَكِرَةٌ  as  بَيْتٌ كَبِيْرٌ  , رَجَلٌ جَمِيْلٌ   ,وَلَدٌ حَسَنٌ  etc.  If  اِسْمٌ  qualified  be  مَعْرِفَةٌ  then  the  adjective  must  also be مَعْرِفَةٌ such as: الوَلَدٌ الطيبٌ the  good  boy,   اَلرّجُلُ الْجَمِيْلُ  the  handsome  man,  اَلْبَيْتُ اَلْكَبِيْرُ  the  big house.  but  اَلْوَلَدُ حَسَنُ , وَلَدٌ اَلْحَسَنُ , رَجُلٌ اَلْجَمْيْلُ , بَيْتُ اَلْكَبِيْرٌ  اَلْبَيْتُ كَبِيرُ,  etc.  are  Incorrect  for  the  adjectives  must  agree  in  definiteness  with  اِسْمٌ  they  qualify.  the  qualifying  adjective is  اَلصِّفَةُ  and  اِسْمُ qualified  is  اَلْمَوصُوف  to  repeat, اَلصِّفَةُ  must agree with اَلْمَوْصُوفُ  in definiteness.

   There are some qualities which are acquired and there are some qualities which are not acquired  but inherent. Qualities inherent are called  جَمِيْلٌ , حَسَنُ اَلصِّفَةُ الْمُشَبَّهِةُ  etc.

Grammar and Composition

LESSON 1

اَلاِســــــــــمُ

In Arabic there are three  parts of speech أجْزاءُ الْكَلاَمِ. these are: noun esm اسم, verb (fe3l) فعل and particle (harf) حَرْفٌ . Arabic اِسْمٌ includes English nouns, pronouns adjectives, adverbs and some interjections. فِعْلُ is co -extensive with English verbs. All words besides اِسْمٌ and فِعْلٌ are حَرْفٌ particles.

اِسْمٌ may be either نَكِرَةٌ indefinete or مَعْرِفَةٌ definite. these are no definite and indefinite articles in Arabic. Indefiniteness of اِسْمٌ is indicated by تَنْوِيْنٌ nunation and definiteness is indicated by اَلْ prefixed to the word . كِتاَبٌ a book. قَلَمٌ a pen. اَلْكِتاَبُ the book اَلْقَلَمُ the pen. since اِسْمٌ cannot at the same time be نَكِرَةٌ and تَنْوِيْنٌ , مَعْرِفَةٌ and اَلْ do not co-exist. اَلْقَلَمٌ , اَلْكِتاَبٌetc. are incorrect. تَنْوِيْنٌ is also used with proper names as هِنْدٌ , زَيْدٌ etc.

أدوات النهي Forbidding Articles =फोर्बिद्डिंग articles

أدوات النهي = Forbidding Articles:
There is just one article used as forbidding article, Adata Nahy لا

This Article always comes before the verb which is in the present form, that starts only with تaddressing order to your listenner not to do something.

we have to put Sukkon on the last letter, instead of any other signs (Haraka) so, for example, verb as: يُشْرِكُ Youshriko

which means: he associate something else in his worshiping God : ; but when adding this verb to La Annahya; we change the Dumma on the last letter into Sukkon; and change letter Yaa ي to ت taa; لا تُشْرِكْ La Tosh rek; the one who does sherk مُشْرِكٌ Mosh'rekon (singular male) مُشرِكَةٌ Mosh'reka'ton (singular female) مُشْرِكونَ Mosh're'kona (plural l M) مُشْرِكَاتٌ Mosh're'katon (plural F)