Lesson 13: Kana Wa Akhwa-to-ha كانَ وأخواتها

Observations:

From Examples I, the Mobtada المبتدأ (e.g: Aza-hamo الزَحامُ, Athaw-bo الثوبُ, Al-khademo الخَادِمُ) is ended with Dumma vole مرفوع بالضمة Marfoo-on Bel-Dumma and the Al-Khabar الخَبَر is ended with Tanweenon Bel-Dumme vole تنوينٌ بالضمِّ (e.g: Sha-deed-on شَدِيدٌ, Ka-ser-on قَصِيرٌ, Ka-we-on قَويٌ… etc)

From Example II, The Mobtada المبتدأ (e.g: Aza-hamo الزَحامُ, Athaw-bo الثوبُ, Al-khademo الخَادِمُ) is ended also with Dumma vole (Marfoo-on Bel-Dumma (مرفوع بالضمة the Al-Khabar الخَبَر is ended with Tanweenon Bel-Fat-ha vole تنوينٌ بالفتحِ (e.g: Sha-deed-an شَدِيدًا, Ka-ser-an قَصِيرًا, Ka-we-an قَويًا… etc)

Analysis:

The Nominative sentence الجملة الاسمية (Al-jom-la Al-ess-me-a-to) which is formed from المبتدأ والخبر Al-mobtada Wal-khabar, where they always are ended with Dumma vole , but when the nominative sentence is preceded with Kana or any of its sisters كان وأخواتها the situation is changed, as الخبر Al-khabar is ended with تنوين بالفتحِ Tanweenen bel-fat-he (كَانَ الْزحَامُ شَدِيدًا، كَانَ الثوبُ قصيرًا، كَانَ الخَادِمُ قَوِيًّا)

Rule:

When كان (Kana) or any of its sisters وأخواتها precedes a nominative sentence, the vole of Al-khabar الخبر is changed from الضمة (Dumma) into الفتحة  (Fat-ha)

Lesson 13: Kana Wa Akhwa-to-ha كانَ وأخواتها

Examples I

The Sentence	Translitration	Meaning	Al-Mobtada	Al-Khabar
الْزحَامُ شَدِيدٌ	Aza-ha-mo Sha-deed-on	The Crowd is much	الزحامُ	شَدِيدٌ
الثوبُ قصيرٌ	A-thaw-bo Kasser-on	The dress is short	?	?
الخَادِمُ قَوِىٌّ	Al-kha-demo Ka-we-on	The maid is strong
العَامِلُ مُتْعَبٌ	Al-amelo Mot-abon	The Worker is tired
الغَمَامُ كَثِيفٌ	Al-gha-mamo Ka-thef-on	The cloud is much
المَطَرُ غَزِيرٌ	Al-mata-row Gha-zeer-on	The rain is heavy
المِصْبَاحُ مُتَقِدٌ	Al-mess-baho Mo-ta-key-don	The lamp is on

Kana Wa Akhwatoha (كان وأخواتها) - continued-

Their work is conditional and unconditional, and they are divided into three groups:

First Group, which work with no condition. They are eight verbs, as follows:

كان، أمسى، أصبح، أضحى، بات، ظل، صار، ليس

ٍSecond Group: Should be preceded by: Negative, or prohibition, or prayer (Do’aa)

And it is four verbs: زَالَ (Past of يزال) بَرِحَ ، فتئ، انفك  

Example for Negative: Quranic Verse

 "وَلاَ يزَالُونَ مُخْتَلِفِينَ"، "لَنْ نَبْرَحَ عَلَيْهِ عَاكِفِينَ"، "تَاللَّهِ تَفْتَأُ تَذْكُرُ يُوسُفَ"

Also, ما انفكَّ المطرُ نازلاً

Example for Prohibition : Poet says:

صاح شمر ولا تزال ذاكر المو  ت فنسيناه ضلال مبين

Example for Prayer (Doaa), Zee Arremma (Poet) said:

ألا يا أسلَمي يا دار ميَّ على البلى ولازال مُنهِلاً بِجرعائكِ القطرُ

Where poet prays for the houses of his beloved one to be always safe and sound and always to be blessed with gifts.

Third Group: It should be preceded with "ما" المصدرية الظرفية  (Source Situational Ma) as: دَامَ

Example: "وأوْصَانِي بِالصَّلاةِ والزَّكَاةِ مَا دُمْتُ حَيًّا"

كانَ وَأخَوَاتُها (Kana and its sisters) are divided into three divisions:

First Division: never gets changed, (never be but past) which is لَيْسَ، دَامَ

Second division: partially gets changed, such as زَالَ، بَرِحَ، فَتِئَ، انْفَكَّ

These verbs are used in present, and never be used in a command form or source form

 To be CONTinued ====== 

Lesson VIII: كَانَ وأخواتها Kana Wa Akhwa-to-ha (Kana and its sisters)

They are 13 verbs:

 (كان، أصبح، أمسى، أضحى، بات، صار، ظل، ليس، مازال، ما بَرِحَ، ما فتئ، ما انْفَكَّ، مادام)

All of them are in the past.

These verbs are divided into two groups:

First Group: which is incomplete, and it is three:

 ليس، زال، فتئ

Examples:

"لَيْسَ عَلَيْكَ هُدَاهُم"

"وَلاَ يَزَالُونَ مُخْتَلِفِينَ"

"تَاللهِ تَفْتَأُ تَذْكُرُ يُوسُفَ"

The Second Group: Which could come incomplete and also could be complete, and they are the 9 remained.

The Incomplete is the verb which is not enough to have mar-fou3, but also it has a noun ended with Dumma اسم مرفوع and a news ended with Fatha خبر منصوب. And the Perfect/ complete is the one which is sufficient to have مرفوع So it has a subject with Dumma فاعل مرفوع where the sentence is complete and not in need for anything else.

Examples of such Perfect / Completed verbs:

(1)        "وَإنْ كَانَ ذُو عُسْرَةٍ فَنَظْرَةٌ إِلَىَ مَيْسَرَةٍ"

(2)        "فَسُبْحَانَ اللهِ حِينَ تُمْسُونَ وَحِينَ تُصْبِحُونَ"

(3)        "ألاَ إلىَ اللهِ تَصِيرُ الأمُورُ"

(4)        "وإذْ قالَ مُوسَى لِفَتَاهُ لا أبْرَحُ"

(5)        "مَا دَامَتْ السَّمَواتُ والأرْضُ"

(6)        أضْحَى الجيشُ

(7)        ظَلَّ اليومُ = دَامَ ظِلُّهُ

(8)        اِنْفَكَّ القَيْدُ

(9)        بَاتَ الْقَوْمُ = نَزَلَ بِهِمُ المَبِيتُ ودَخَلَ عَلَيْهمُ الليلُ

To be continued ß